Spanner Under the Hood: Understanding Strict Serializability and External Consistency

As cited in DDIA

Doug Judd. "Spanner Under the Hood: Understanding Strict Serializability and External Consistency." cloud.google.com, April 2023. Archived at perma.cc/KJ9F-BJ5T

How the page describes itself

Strict Serializability and External Consistency in Spanner | Google Cloud Blog

Spanner transaction scheduling provides "Strict Serializability" and "External Consistency" which is considered perfect isolation and consistency.

From the page's own metadata at cloud.google.com, 2026-08-29.

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2026-08-29

Identifiers and archived copies

perma.cc

https://perma.cc/KJ9F-BJ5T